| No. | Topics | Contents |
|---|
| 1. | Introduction to Physiology | Homeostasis Body fluid compartments The internal environment of the body Units for measuring solute concentration |
| 2. | Cell physiology | Cell structure and function - chemical structure
- physical structure
- structure and function of cell membrane
- organelles
Intercellular connection and communication |
| 3. | Haematology | Components of blood Physical properties of blood Packed cell volume (PCV) Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) The Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells) The Leucocytes (White Blood Cells) The Platelets (Thrombocytes) General functions of blood Haemostasis ABO and Rh blood groups |
| 4. | Excitable Tissues | Electrical properties of cell membrane - Membrane potential
- Membrane resistance
- Membrane capacitance
Nerve - Functional anatomy
- Excitation of neuron
- Electrical responses of a neuron
Neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle Nerve endings in smooth and cardiac muscle: Synapse En passant Muscle skeletal muscle - Morphology
- Sarcotubular system
- Electrical response
Cardiac muscle - Morphology
- Electrical response
Smooth muscle - Morphology
- Electrical response
|
| 5. | Autonomic Nervous System | Organization of the ANS - Sensory receptors
- Afferent autonomic pathways (Visceral afferents)
- Integrating centre
- Autonomic outflow (Efferent pathways) (Sympathetic and parasympathetic division)
- Visceral effectors
- Chemical transmission at autonomic junctions
Chemical transmission at autonomic junctions Receptors of postsynaptic tissues (drug receptors) Responses of effector organs to autonomic nerve impulses Functions of the autonomic nervous system |
| 6. | Cardiovascular Physiology | Functional organization of CVS The heart - Structure
- Properties of cardiac muscle
- Cardiac conducting system
- Heart beat: origin and spread of cardiac excitation
- Cardiac cycle (Electrical events, mechanical and haemodynamic events)
- Atrial pressure changes
- cardiac output
Circulation of blood - Factors determining blood flow to tissues
- Regulation of vascular tone
- Systemic arterial blood pressure
- The microcirculation
- Regulation of blood flow to the heart: regulation of coronary circulation
Practical Topics - Examination of the arterial pulse
- Determination of blood pressure
|
| 7. | Physiology of Respiration | Respiration: general The respiratory tract - Bronchial tone
- The alveoli
Mechanics of respiration (breathing) Lung volumes and capacities Dead space Work of breathing Compliance Pulmonary circulation Pulmonary gas transfer - General outline of partial pressure gradients for gas diffusion
- Diffusing capacity
- Transport of gases
Regulation of respiration General functions of the respiratory system Hypoxia |
| 8. | Gastrointestinal Physiology | Basic functions of gastrointestinal system Organization of the digestive system Layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract Innervation of the gastrointestinal tract Gastrointestinal hormones The mouth The salivary glands The oesophagus and deglutition The stomach Vomiting The pancreas Liver and biliary system The small intestine - composition of intestinal juice
- motility of the small intestine
- absorption in the GI tract
The large intestine (colon) - functions of colon
- bacterial action in the large intestine
- defecation
|
| 9. | Renal Physiology and Body Fluids | The kidneys - Functional structure
- Nephron: functional components
Renal blood flow (RBF) The process of urine formation - Glomerular function
- Tubular functions
Diuresis Endocrine functions of the kidneys Homeostatic functions of the kidneys Micturition (urination) Regulation of body fluid - Regulation of ECF volume
- Regulation of ECF tonicity
|
| 10. | General Endocrinology | General Endocrinology - Overview of principal hormones of the body and their major sources (endocrine glands and other tissues)
- Factors influencing the action of hormone on the target tissue
- Mechanisms regulating hormone production (synthesis and secretion)
- Chemical nature of hormone
Hypothalamus and Pituitary hormones - Hypothalamic releasing or inhibiting hormones and their actions
- Hormones of the anterior pituitary ( the adenohypophysis) and their actions
- Anterior pituitary hormones (human growth hormone and prolactin)
- Posterior pituitary hormones (Arginine vasopressin (AVP) and Oxytocin)
Thyroid hormones The adrenal gland - The adrenal medulla: catecholamines
- The adrenal cortex: adrenocortical hormones
The endocrine pancreas - Insulin
- Glucagon
- Consequences of insulin deficiency (and glucagon excess)
- Consequences of insulin excess
Hormonal regulation of calcium ion homeostasis - Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Calcitriol (1,25 – dihydroxy cholecalciferol)
Calcitonin |
| 11. | Reproductive Physiology | The primary sex organs or gonads The secondary sex organs (Genitalia) Reproductive life (period) - Onset of reproductive life
- Onset of puberty: neuroendocrine basis
- Pubertal changes
Male reproduction - Primary sex organs
- Secondary sex organs
- Spermatogensis
- Male sex hormones: androgens
- Control of testicular function
Female reproduction - Primary sex organs
- Secondary sex organs
- The menstrual cycle
- Indicators of ovulation
- Endocrine functions of the ovary
- Control of ovarian function
Pregnancy - The placenta
- The physiological termination of pregnancy: parturition
- Physiology of lactation
|
| 12. | Central Nervous System | Organization of the nervous system Functions of the nervous system Structural and functional components of nervous system Reflexes - The monosynaptic reflexes
- The polysynaptic reflexes
Sensory physiology - Properties of sensory receptors
- Principal sensory modalities
- Cutaneous sensation (Pain)
The motor system - Control of posture and movement
- Control of voluntary movement
- The pyramidal system
- The extrapyramidal system
- The cerebellar system
- Postural reflexes
- Midbrain
- Medulla oblongata
- Spinal cord
Hypothalamus |
| 13. | Skin and Thermoregulation | Epidermis Dermis Skin appendages - Sweat glands (Eccrine sweat gland and Apocrine sweat gland)
- Sebaceous glands
Subcutaneous fatty layer (hypodermis) Blood supply of the skin Cutaneous sensation Functions of skin Thermoregulation - Body temperature (Core temperature and Shell temperature)
- Heat exchange with the environment
- Thermal balance
- Thermoregulation (Responses to cold, Responses to heat and Disorders of thermoregulation)
Practical Topic Determination of body temperature |
